Parameswara (1344 – c. 1414) was the last king of Singapore. He who ruled from 1389 to 1398. The king fled the island kingdom after Majapahit naval invasion in 1398 and founded his new stronghold on the mouth of the Bertam river in 1402. Within decades, the new city grew rapidly to become the capital of the Malacca Sultanate.
The name Parameswara is derived from the Sanskrit word, a Hindu concept which literally means the "mighty Lord". The word "parama" meaning "the supreme" is added to Ishvara to intensify the title of God. Parameśvara is also one of the names of Lord Shiva.
There is basically only one record which give in some detail on the kingdoms of Singapore and Malacca - the Malay Annals written during the heyday of Malacca and re-compiled in 1612 by the Johor court. It is the basis for accounts of its founding, the succession of its rulers and its eventual decline. Another important record, the Suma Oriental written shortly after the Portuguese conquest Of Malacca. On the other hand, the more detailed Malay Annals identified the fleeing prince and the last king as completely two different persons separated by five generations. Suma Oriental noted further that the fleeing Srivijayan prince usurped the throne of Singapura from a Siamese viceroy named "Temagi" sometimes around the 1390s.
It was generally believed that in the year 1409 he married a princess of Pasai and adopted the Persian title Iskandar Shah after his conversion to the faith. However, the Malay Annal sindicates that he used the Persian title Iskandar Shah since his reign in Singapore in the 1390s. The text further noted that the Islamic influence in Singapore traced back to the reign of Sri Rana Wikrama who established ties with the Sumatran Muslim kingdom, Peureulak and there was even a presence of an 'ulama' from Pasai in Singapore during the reign of his successor, Sri Maharaja. On the other hand, the Malay Annals noted that it was during the reign of the third ruler Muhammad Shah, that the ruling class and the subjects began to convert to Islam. While there are differing views on when the Islamisation if Malacca actually took place, it is generally agreed that Islam was firmly established by the reign of Muzaffar Shah.
Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameswara_(king) - 01.11.2015
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